Taoism overview
Taoism, is originated in the ancient native Fang Xian rooms of the spring and autumn period and the warring states period, China is a worship of many gods polytheism native religious form, the main aim is the pursuit of immortal, immortal, offers salvation. Occupies an important position in ancient Chinese traditional culture, positive development in the modern world. Although Taoism from the warring states period is the one of thought and their exponents, Taoism originally the moral philosopher deified. Until the late han dynasty cult, the profit (now sichuan) of tianshi dao Lao tze to too old gentleman on. To the northern and southern dynasties when the Taoist religion forms gradually perfected. Lao tze Li Er (too old gentleman) is tang room ancestors, the tang dynasty statue named Lao tze avenue emperor xuan yuan yuan JueShengZu too.
Taoism "dao" as the highest belief that im "tao" is the origin of all things. In the Chinese traditional culture, Taoism is a kind of Confucianism and Buddhism together with the dominant theory and seek the ways to apply the practice immortal.
Academics say Taoism, refers to the religious beliefs in ancient China, on the basis of inherited Fang Xian word, huang Lao dao, and most of the religious ideas, such as folk gods faith and practice methods, gradually formed with "dao" as the highest belief. Mainly serve too old gentleman on as the leader, and such as Lao zi of the daodejing to cultivate immortality realm classic the fix true mainly classic, the pursuit of a Chinese religious practice to become immortal, Taoist immortal or into god's main methods can be roughly classified into five kinds, take medicine, food, outside, such as: gas and guidance, inner alchemy, and borrowed by Taoism and spell fix itself for rituals to merit such as immortal, common fairy much later for inner alchemy and qualities as god and the doctrine of individuals.
Taoism and the Chinese people, the advocacy, Taoist history and Chinese history are closely linked.
Where lu xun once make roots in Taoism "in" China scientific judgment: "had roots in Taoism in China, but it will say nearly a wide line. To read history, there are a lot of problems can be solved... know this person, know Chinese half". [30] England Sinologist Joseph Needham also think: "the Chinese culture is like a tall tree, and the root of the tree in Taoism."
Academic thought
Guo moruo said: "the Taoist thought can say monopoly over two thousand years of Chinese academic circles, mohism shop had been annexed, Confucianism only a brand." [31] as passing on the main Taoist thought, has produced the wei-jin metaphysics in the Ming and qing dynasties, sui and tang dynasties, the metaphysics and the song Dan, the status of natural self-evident in the academic field. In philosophy, Taoism out of thin air, the tao gave birth to all things of the universe ontology and transformation of Yin and Yang, the dialectical thinking method, regular exercise is generally accepted in the ancient traditional world outlook and methodology. [32] therapy-remainig complementary is the incisive summary of the Chinese traditional culture. Song dynasty pundit, zhou dunyi, the IQ, cheng cheng and zhu xi's academic thoughts derived from Gao Daochen tuan, neo-confucianism cosmic scheme theory of Taoism and Confucianism takes zero combining constructed "justified" philosophy. The Ming dynasty, wang yangming's mind is the "conscience" and learn to compare to, Dan from the Taoist metaphysics theory and training method. [33] in two thousand to Buddha, two of the traditional religious constantly interact. During the eastern han dynasty Buddhism is viewed as the tribe of the children of huang Lao dao, northern and southern dynasties when the spread of Buddhism with the aid of the influence of lao-zhuang metaphysics, the aim of the zen method inspired by zhuangzi theory, tantric meditation method a lot to learn from the fairy magic.
The political and economic
Taoist thought "the word", "inside the saint outside the king", quietism is the general principle of governing and cultivate one's morality. Read Chinese history, you'll find a secret: the han dynasty of west han embraced, light Wu Zhongxing, reign of tang dynasty, kaiyuan prosperity, Song Chaoren prosperous time, HongWuZhi governance, rule of RenXuan the Ming dynasty, the qing dynasty was high, the height is used "in the situation, shows the author" policies. [35] the thought of Taoism "laissez-faire", and "invisible hand" of the western market economy. In fact, whenever rulers to huang Lao theory as the guiding ideology, relax, and taxes, drop arch and rule, will be "all" is ", production development, prosperous economy, appeared the new millennium. [36]
The feudal rulers often make use of Taoism to consolidate the rule service, pray for national security, many dissenting Confucian HanWu into the magic fairy, Tang Zong Song Zu exalt foster Taoism, the wind of the Ming dynasty popular tao; Folk Taoism, on the other hand, often become the weapon of peasant uprising and organization form, from the han, the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising Li Hong uprising of the northern and southern dynasties, the yuan at the end of the white lotus society uprising, the boxer rebellion in the late qing dynasty, various uprising in an endless stream, "for good" as distinct banner of peasant uprising. [37] Taoism have origin relations with the military, military strategy of military and uniting the practice of Taoism influence each other, the daodejing, the operator meridian is often seen as art, "shall the will to take advance", "to fight" and so on thought is military research and application, the special dun jia doctrine and practice to use in the military. [38]
Literature and art
The mystery of Taoism thought, the fairy realm, bizarre magic,
Wang xizhi book "yellow court classic"
Wang xizhi book "yellow court classic"
Easy spirit, your birth ethic penetrates into every aspect in the field of literature and art, the Taoist natural feeling, romanticism deeply influenced the traditional literary aesthetic, provide inexhaustible spiritual source. Since northern and southern dynasties, the unitary Yang miscellaneous him in "anecdotes about spirits and immortals" and "strange stories" mystery novels is closely related to Taoism, tang legend "pillow", "peaceful" broadly and so on element contains a large amount of Taoism. Tang dynasty by the Taoism rendering formed extensively mapped luxuriant style, a lot of features in the epigraph from Taoism, yuanqu immortals soaring theme songs very prominent; Ming and qing novels include four great classics involve Taoist theology, has formed "the wise image Taoist" tradition. In addition to the unique literary form of Taoism was derived, such as li bai's poems, the green words in the Ming dynasty, and "the soul hunter", "journey to the west" the god evil spirit novel. Contemporary pop fix true novel with Dan tao as the theme, the fantasy, tomb-raiding novels, XianXia novels is closely connected with Taoism. [37]"
Elephant invisible, great music and sound "profoundly affects the pursuit of freehand brushwork in traditional Chinese painting, Chinese art spirit likeness, natural style and verve. Wang xizhi, gu kaizhi, wu daoxuan, Zhao Meng ð « – ¯, huang gongwang, ZhuZhiShan, xu wei, Zhu Da, banqiao artists are taoists, their works influenced by Taoist ideas. Taoism music tune, singing will promote the development of music drama, opera, yue opera, henan opera has been innovating, huangmei opera fully absorb the nutrition. Nature and humanity thought, feng shui kanyu doctrine affecting the location, layout and construction of traditional Chinese architecture. [
Science and technology
The spirit of Taoism is conquering nature, various pursue breakthrough the limit religious practice promotes the development of ancient science and technology, east Asia in the chemical, mineralogical, botany and pharmacology are originated from Taoism. Going into ancient Taoist art of mathematics and mathematics, but also in optics, magnetism, acoustics, astronomy has done; Description of the four, powder is derived from Taoist refining Dan, the compass and the invention of printing also close contact and Taoism; Taoism in an alchemy practice to promote the development of smelting technology, monks in order to achieve "ride on the great winds push the progress of the mechanical manufacturing; Taoism for wine, cement, paint manufacturing has made a contribution, tofu is a product of huainan king an alchemy; Monks, an accumulated the rich knowledge of chemistry, and alchemy to Europe as the pioneer of modern chemistry. [40] be sendoh, Taoism for prolong life, a long view and greatly promoted the development of medicine, health, ge hong, tao hongjing..., sun simiao, Liu Shouzhen, researched, Liu Yiming, and many other high way is therapists. Taoism not cure disease, isomorphism between heaven and man, nature and inaction thought as the guiding ideology of the Chinese medicine, outer alchemy created the beginning of chemical pharmaceutical, Taoism in physiology, meridian, anatomy, pharmacology and sexual medicine, psychology, etc, all have done. Swallowing, qi, inedia, guidance and pranayama within each situation and Dan study as the main content of preserve one's health, all kinds of physical fitness of the martial arts are derived from the Taoism regimen qigong, tai chi, xingyi, bagua from within the family of zhang sanfeng boxing. [41]
International influence
Taoism in the east
Quanzhen daoism college people overseas
Quanzhen daoism college people overseas
Asia, southeast Asia, widespread Shintoism, the emperor belief, folk beliefs influenced by Taoism, Taoism, Vietnam cao dai is in South Korea day formed on the basis of new religion, Taoism quanzhen Taoism is an important religious of Singapore, Malaysia. In Europe and the United States, western language translation of the daodejing total nearly 500 species, the amount of classics hair line [32] translated into foreign languages, the bible first, the daodejing second, philosophers, such as Kant, Nietzsche, Hegel Leibnitz, Albert Einstein, such as scientists, kafka, Tolstoy, Ronald Reagan and Mr Medvedev politicians gain great enlightenment. Dan preserve one's health, such as astrology medical bligh Taoism culture also is popular all over the world, tai chi chuan has spread to more than 150 countries and regions, overseas practice taijiquan is 150 million people. Harmony and the idea of natural rule, also gives environmentalists great enlightenment and thinking. The mainstream of quanzhen Taoism for the world. [40]
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